The development of purifying technology of process waters of gas condensate field from methanol

The possibility in principle of methanol deep catalytic oxidation in water up to MPC has been confirmed by gas chromatography method. Oxidation process of methanol contained in vat residue after regeneration stage in concentrations of 1, 5 wt. % and less, at metal oxide catalysts at Al2O3 is considered. The basic flow diagram of closed technological cycle of methanol extraction from process waters of gas condensate fields is proposed. It consists in methanol regeneration with further deep catalytic oxidation of methanol residue quantit

Self-Similar Random Processes and Infinite-Dimensional Configuration Spaces

We discuss various infinite-dimensional configuration spaces that carry measures quasiinvariant under compactly-supported diffeomorphisms of a manifold M corresponding to a physical space. Such measures allow the construction of unitary representations of the diffeomorphism group, which are important to nonrelativistic quantum statistical physics and to the quantum theory of extended objects in d-dimensional Euclidean space. Special attention is given to measurable structure and topology underlying measures on generalized configuration spaces obtained from self-similar random processes (both for d = 1 and d > 1), which describe infinite point configurations having accumulation points

Catalytic Alkylation of Brown Coal and Peat

The alcohol alkylation of low-grade metamorphic coal and peat in the presence of mineral and organic acids was studied using FTIR, NMR, and GC-MS. The impact of the reaction conditions on the yield of extractable matter was investigated experimentally, and relevant regression equations were obtained. Changes in the group and individual compositions of the wax fractions of bitumen in the process of brown coal and peat alkylation were studied. It was found that the esters of alkylated coal waxes consisted of native esters of fatty acids, and alkyl esters of these acids formed as a result of the alkylation reaction. Esterification and transesterification were predominant in the reactions of the bitumen fraction components. The positive effect of alcohol alkylation on the increase of the bitumen yield was found

Reaction-diffusion dynamics: confrontation between theory and experiment in a microfluidic reactor

We confront, quantitatively, the theoretical description of the reaction-diffusion of a second order reaction to experiment. The reaction at work is \ca/CaGreen, and the reactor is a T-shaped microchannel, 10 $\mu$m deep, 200 $\mu$m wide, and 2 cm long. The experimental measurements are compared with the two-dimensional numerical simulation of the reaction-diffusion equations. We find good agreement between theory and experiment. From this study, one may propose a method of measurement of various quantities, such as the kinetic rate of the reaction, in conditions yet inaccessible to conventional methods

Reparative plastic surgery for central and medial breast cancer

Retrospective analysis of the early and long-term results of surgical treatment in patients with central and medial breast cancer (BC) has revealed that reparative plastic surgery does not make the course of the tumor process worse after radical operations in combination with video-assisted thoracoscopic parasternal lymphatic dissection, and the latter does not in turn yield worse immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment in combination with one-stage repair

Metabolic multi-stability and hysteresis in a model aerobe-anaerobe microbiome community

Changes in the composition of the human microbiome are associated with health and disease. Some microbiome states persist in seemingly unfavorable conditions, e.g., the proliferation of aerobe-anaerobe communities in oxygen-exposed environments in wounds or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. However, it remains unclear how different stable microbiome states can exist under the same conditions, or why some states persist under seemingly unfavorable conditions. Here, using two microbes relevant to the human microbiome, we combine genome-scale mathematical modeling, bioreactor experiments, transcriptomics, and dynamical systems theory, to show that multi-stability and hysteresis (MSH) is a mechanism that can describe the shift from an aerobe-dominated state to a resilient, paradoxically persistent aerobe-anaerobe state. We examine the impact of changing oxygen and nutrient regimes and identify factors, including changes in metabolism and gene expression, that lead to MSH. When analyzing the transitions between the two states in this system, the familiar conceptual connection between causation and correlation is broken and MSH must be used to interpret the dynamics. Using MSH to analyze microbiome dynamics will improve our conceptual understanding of the stability of microbiome states and the transitions among microbiome states

The current pattern of reconstructive surgery for breast cancer

In Russia, breast cancer (BC) occupies a leading place in the pattern of cancers, the incidence of which is 20.9 %, among the female population; in 2013 there were 60,717 new cases, including women under the age of 40 years (15 %). While considering the history of the development of breast surgery from the operation performed by W. S. Halsted to its technique modified by J. L. Madden and the identification of sentinel lymph nodes, we can observe improved quality of life in patients in reference to the lower rate of the manifestation of lymphedemas. However, patients who have undergone this or that mastectomy are observed to have lower self-appraisal scores, a change in their professional sphere, irritability and apprehensiveness Thus, the decreased rate of the manifestation of lymphedema and obvious postoperative traumatization are not the only components of quality of life in patients with BC. According to the data obtained by E. Frank et al. (1978), G.P. Maguire et al. (1978), and F. Meerwein (1981), removal of the breast itself leads to a woman’s loss of femininity, attractiveness, and sexiness, which was also confirmed and reported by L. Aerts et al. (2014). In this connection, classical radical mastectomy begins to give way to organ-sparing treatment. Taking into account that psychotherapy and external prosthetics do not alleviate the above problems and that there are always women with established BC who have contraindications to organ-sparing treatment, breast reconstructive plastic operations arouse more and more interest. Reconstruction of the breast implies restoration of both its shape and contours to be maximally brought closer to its preoperative level. However, with regard to cancer alertness to breast reconstructive surgery, not only aesthetic requirements are imposed. The next step in improving quality of life in patients with BC was the emergence and development of breast-sparing mastectomies, the first point of these operations were skin-sparing radical mastectomies that were first described and performed by B. A. Tothu P. Lappert in 1991. In 1997 G. W. Carlson proposed to classify incisions for skin-sparing mastectomy successfully used to the present day. The investigation conducted by R. M. Simmons et al. (1999) indicated that skin-sparing mastectomy did not result in an increase in the incidence of local recurrences. The types of skin incisions, which were offered by G. W. Carlson in 1997 and used by R. M. Simmons in 1999, imply the preservation of the inframammary crease and a major portion of a skin graft, on the one hand, and the removal of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC), on the other hand, which in turn diminishes the final aesthetic result. B. Gerber et al. were the first to describe NAC preservation for BC. As regards the rate of local recurrences after NAC-sparing mastectomies, the vast majority of investigations performed in the past 10–15 years allude to the fact that NAC involvement is not more than 25 %. A. M. Munhoz in turn proposed a classification of incisions during NAC-saving mastectomies. In spite of all advantages of NAC-sparing mastectomies, their results are not always predictable. Main problems, such as wound healing difficulties or ischemic necrosis, are associated with the larger number of postoperative complications. Transfer of the patient’s own flaps does not always presume skin- or NAC-sparing mastectomy, as the possibility exists of preserving the skin on the most transferable flap. However, ruling out a patch symptom during subcutaneous or skin-sparing radical mastectomy considerably improves the aesthetic result of a performed operation. Taking into consideration that the incision types offered by G. W. Carlson and A. M. Munhoz depend on the site of a tumor, the surgical visibility problem is of relevance: visible postoperative scars, a difference in the skin texture, or restored NAC, all cause the women less satisfied. Thus, by achieving good results in restoring the contours, shape, volume, and symmetry of the breast, a visible postoperative scar is the only element that reveals a performed operation for BC

Direct Catalytic Reduction of SO2 by CH4 over Fe-Mn Catalysts Prepared by Granulation of Ferromanganese Nodules

The chemical, textural, structural and strength properties of ferromanganese nodules and granulated Fe-Mn catalysts containing such nodules were studied. It was found that the granulated catalysts have a developed pore structure, which is close to that of the starting material, and surpass the starting material in strength parameters. The catalysts were tested in desulfurization by methane at a stoichiometric ratio SO2/CH4 = 2. The testing showed that Fe-Mn catalysts with the oxide or sulfide form of active components are active in desulfurization by methane and can selectively reduce SO2 with a conversion above 80%